1 時態： 一般現在時，現在進行時，一般過去時，現在完成時，一般將來時，過去進行時，過去完成時，過去將來時 1. 一般現在時 表示一般性，經常性的動作或一般性事實。 1 含有be動詞的句子 He is a teacher. The girl is very beautiful. Tim and Jack are students. ★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首 Is he a teacher? Is the girl very beautiful? Are Tim and Jack students? ★變否定句在be動詞后面加not He is not a teacher. The girl is not very beautiful. Tim and Jack are not students. ★肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, he is. No, he is not. Yes, she is. No, she is not. Yes, they are. No, they are not. ★不含有be動詞的句子，即含有一般動詞的句子 第三人稱單數及單數名詞 He likes books. She likes him. The dog likes bones. ★變疑問句在句首加does, 動詞變為原型 Does he like books? Does she like him? Does the dog like bones? ★變否定句在主語及動詞之間加doesn’t, 動詞變為原型,原句中的動詞不再有第三人稱變化。 He doesn’t like books. She doesn’t like him. The dog doesn’t like bones. ★肯定回答及否定回答： Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t. 注意：第三人稱單數形式一般在動詞后面加S，不要和名詞復數混淆，變否定句或疑問句時名詞復數沒有任何變化。 其他人稱及復數名詞 I want to have a bath. We have some meat. The students like smart teachers. ★變疑問句在句首加do Do you want to have a bath? Do we have any meat? Do the students like smart teachers? ★變否定句在主語和動詞之間加don’t. You don’t want to have a bath. We don’t have any meat. The students don’t like smart teachers. ★肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I do. No, I don’t. Yes, we do. No, we don’t Yes, they do. No, they don’t. 2. 現在進行時 表示現在正在進行的動作。 構成： 主語＋be動詞＋動詞的現在分詞＋其它成分（現在分詞的構成見附錄） We are having lunch. He is reading a book. The dog is running after a cat. The boys are swimming across the river. ★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首 Are we having lunch? Is he reading a book? Is the dog running after a cat? Are the boys swimming across the river? ★變否定句在be動詞后面加 not We are not having lunch. He is not reading a book. The dog is not running after a cat. The boys are swimming across the river. ★特殊疑問句：what, which, how, where, who, etc. 疑問詞＋動詞＋主語＋現在分詞 What are you doing? What is she doing? What is the dog doing? (必背) 沒有進行時的動詞 表示狀態，思想，感情和感覺的動詞不能表示正在進行的動作 1. 表示感覺，感官的詞 see, hear, like, love, want, 2. have, has當”擁有”講時沒有進行時 3. 一般過去時 表示過去發生的動作或事件， 常和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago, 含有be動詞的句子， 將動詞變為過去式，am, is的過去式為was，are的過去式為were I was at the butcher’s. You were a student a year ago. The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago. ★變疑問句將be動詞移動到句首 Were you at the butcher’s? Were you a student a year ago? Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago? ★變否定句在be動詞后面加not I was not at the butcher’s. You were not a student a year ago. The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago. ★肯定回答否定回答 Yes, I was. No, I was not. Yes, you were. No, you were not. Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not. ★特殊疑問句： What did you do? (必背) 不含有be動詞的句子，將動詞變為過去式，動詞過去式構成見附錄 I finished my homework yesterday. The boy went to a restaurant. The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago. ★變疑問句在句首加did， 動詞變為原型 Did you finish your homework yesterday? Did the boy go to a restaurant? Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago? ★變否定句在主語和動詞之間加did not I did not finish my homework yesterday. The boy did not go to a restaurant. The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago. ★肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I did. No, I didn’t. Yes, he did. No, he didn’t. Yes, they did. No, they did not. 4. 現在完成時 構成：主語+助動詞have, has+過去分詞 用法： 2) 表示過去發生的和現在有某種聯系的動作，常和just, usually, already, since等時間副詞連用 I have just had lunch. (飽了，不用再吃了) He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝） They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了） The boy has already read the book. （已經知道書的內容了，不用再看了） 3) 詢問別人是否做過某事一般用現在完成時： Have you finished your homework? Have you been to Beijing? Have he seen the film? 4) 表示開始于過去并持續到現在的動作 I have lived in Beijing for twenty years. I have worked for this school for 1 year. 8) 表示一種經歷，經驗：去過…地方，做過…事情，經歷過…事情 I have never had a bath. I have never seen a film. I have never been to cinema. I have ever been to Paris. Have been to表示去過，have gone to 表示去了 I have been to London.(人已經回來) He has gone to London.（人還在那里） 11) 表示一種結果， 一般不和時間副詞聯用 I have lost my pen. I have hurt myself. He has become a teacher. She has broken my heart. 句型變化： ★變疑問句將助動詞移到句首，變否定句在助動詞后面加not. e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen. ★肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I have. No, I have not. ★特殊疑問句： What have you done? What has he done? 一般過去時與現在完成時的區別： 凡是有明確的表示過去的時間狀語的句子為過去時 注意：有些動詞表示的動作有一個終點，不能再延續，因此不能和表示一段時間狀語連用 錯：I’ve left Beijing for 3 days. 對：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days. 5. 一般將來時 表示將來將要發生的動作， 經常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示將來的詞聯用 結構： 主語+助動詞will+動詞原形 I will go to America tomorrow. The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next. Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning. ★變疑問句將助動詞移到句首 Will you go to America tomorrow? Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next? Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning? ★變否定句在助動詞后面加not I will not go to America tomorrow. The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next. Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning ★肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I will. No, I will not. Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not. Yes, he will. No, he will not. ★特殊疑問句： What will you do? 6. 過去完成時： 用法：在過去的時間里，兩個動作中，發生在前的哪個動作要用過去完成時。 結構：had+過去分詞 After she had finished her homework, she went shopping. They had sold the car before I asked the price. The train had left before I arrived at the station. After/before引導的時間狀語從句放在句首要在句子后面加逗號，如果放在主句后則不用加。 5 變疑問句將助動詞移到句首 Had she finished her homework? 6 變否定句在助動詞后面加not She hadn’t finished her homework. 7 肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t. 8 特殊疑問句： What had she done? 7. 過去進行時 表示過去正在進行的動作,經常用在when, while, as引導的狀語從句中。 結構：was/were+doing When my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor. While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV. 8 過去將來時 結構：would do She said she would go here the next morning. 3 特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 結構 1. Be going to 結構 表示打算，準備，計劃做某事 ★結構：主語+be動詞+going to +動詞原型 I am going to make a bookcase. They are going to paint it. The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter. ★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首 Are you going to make a bookcase? Are they going to paint it? Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter? ★變否定句在be動詞后面加not I am not going to make a bookcase. They are going to paint it. The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter. ★肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I am. No, I am not. Yes, they are. No, they are not. Yes, he is. No, he is not. ★特殊疑問句 What are you going to do? What are they going to do? What is the father going to do? (必背) 2. There be 句型 表示哪里有什么東西(某處有某物) 2 There is＋單數名詞＋表示場所的詞（一般為介詞詞組） There is a book in this room. There is a pen on the table 5 There are＋復數名詞＋表示場所的詞（一般為介詞詞組） There are two pens on the table. There are three schools there. ★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首 Is there a book in this room? Are there two pens on the table? ★變否定句在動詞后面加not There is not a book in this room. There are not two pens on the table. ★肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, there is. No, there is not. Yes, there are. No, there are not. 4 問句： 一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意疑問句，選擇疑問句，否定疑問句 1 一般疑問句: 助動詞/be動詞+主語 Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea? 2 特殊疑問句: 特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句 What is your name? 3 選擇疑問句: or Do you want beef or lamb? 5 反意疑問句: 肯定陳述句+否定疑問部分， 否定陳述部分+肯定疑問部分 You don’t need that pen, do you? 6 否定疑問句: 一般疑問句+否定詞 Aren’t you lucky? Don’t you want have a rest? 5 冠詞用法：a/an/the的一般用法 詳細見筆記 6 限定詞：some, any, many, much 7 some, any 修飾可數名詞或不可數名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑問句，注意，當期待對方的答案為肯定回答時用some 8 many修飾可數名詞，much修飾不可數名詞，在口語中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用many, much. I have a lot of money. I don’t have much money. 12 名詞：種類，復數，名詞所有格 1．名詞分為可數名詞和不可數名詞 3 不可數名詞 無法分開的東西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice（米） 抽象的東西：love, beauty, coldness（寒冷） 不可數名詞有以下特點： 2 不能用a, an修飾 3 不能加s 4 和單數be動詞或動詞搭配 5 可數名詞： 單數可數名詞要用冠詞修飾，復數可數名詞要在名詞后面加s,名詞復數共有以下幾種變化： 規則變化的名詞復數形式 規則1 一般情況+s e.g. shell→shells book→books 規則2 以s, x, ch, sh結尾+es e.g. fox→foxes church→churches, bus→buses, watch→watches 規則3 以o結尾+s或+es e.g. potato→potatoes, Negro→Negroes, hero→heroes, tomato→tomatoes，（口訣：黑人英雄愛吃土豆和西紅柿），剩下一般加s, radio→radios 規則4 以f, fe結尾的，變f, fe為ves e.g. life→lives half→halves, shelf→shelves, city→cities, wife→wives 規則5 以輔音字母+y結尾, 變y為i+es e.g. sky→skies fly→flies 不規則變化的名詞復數形式 單數 man woman foot goose tooth 復數 men women feet geese teeth 單數 child sheep deer mouse fish 復數 children sheep deer mice fish 13 介詞( 注意總結書上詞組) 14 副詞：用法及形容詞變副詞的變化 15 副詞可以修飾形容詞，動詞，副詞或整個句子。如： The book is very good. He runs fast. She came here quite early. Certainly I will go with you. 4 變化： 5 直接在形容詞后加-ly, careful-carefully, slow-slowly, 3 以輔音字母加y結尾的形容詞，把y變I, 加-ly, happy-happily, lucky-luckily 6 有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化 fast, hard, late 7 有些詞加上-ly后意思與原詞相差很遠： neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately, 15 情態動詞的使用：can, must, may, might, need, 1．情態動詞can（能夠）, must（必須）, may（可以） 結構：主語+can/must/may+動詞原型 He can make the tea. Sally can air the room. We can speak English. ★變疑問句將情態動詞移到句首 Can he make the tea? Can Sally air the room? Can we speak English? ★變否定句在情態動詞后面加not He cannot make the tea. Sally cannot air the room. We cannot speak English. ★肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, he can. No, he cannot. Yes, she can. No, she cannot. Yes, we can. No, we cannot. ★特殊疑問句： What can you do? (必背) 注意：情態動詞的句子沒有第三人稱單數的變化，不要在情態動詞或動詞后面加S。 2．Must/have to的區別 must 表示必須，是主觀上覺得應該做，have to是不得不，是由于客觀條件逼迫的必要要做 must 只能用在表示現在和將來的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何時態 3．must, may, might表示猜測： 1 must do 表示對現在事實的猜測 2 must have done表示對過去事實的猜測 3 must have been doing 表示對過去正在進行的事實的猜測 4 may/might do, may/might have done表示沒有任何事實依據的猜測，might的可能性更小。 5 can’t/couldn’t 表示不可能 4．need 用法： 5 表示“需要”時為實意動詞，后面可以加名詞，也可以加不定式： I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I don’t. I need to have a rest. 7 Need doing=need to be done，表示被動 The flowers need watering. 8 Need在否定時做情態動詞使用 You needn’t go so early. =You don’t need to go so early. Must I clean the desk right now? No, you needn’t. 18 不定代詞及不定副詞： Some any no every thing something anything nothing everything one someone anyone anything everyone where somewhere anywhere anywhere everywhere body somebody anybody nobody everybody I looked for my book everywhere, but I can’t find it anywhere. If you want go somewhere, if you want to be someone, you must wake up. Help! Somebody? Anybody? You are really something. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our class. Where did you go? I went nowhere. Nobody is at home. I have nothing left. 19 感嘆句： 20 What +名詞+主語+謂語 What a beautiful girl she is! 11 How + 形容詞+主語+謂語 How beautiful the girl is! 20 祈使句： 21 第二人稱： 22 let+其他人稱代詞 23 祈使句的否定，加don’t 24 反意疑問 祈使句（第二人稱） 祈使句表示請求，命令，建議，邀請等，謂語動詞一律用原型，句子中通常不用主語，句末用驚嘆好或者句號，用降調。 ★肯定句 動詞原型 例， Come here, please. Go downstairs, please. Stand up. Sit down. Be quiet. Be careful. 祈使句中如果有喚語，一定要用逗號隔開，放在句首或者句尾 Come in, Amy. Sit down here, Tom. Mary, give me a book please. ★否定：Don't+動詞原型 Don't come here. Don’t sit down. Don’t stand up. Don’t give me it. let sb. do Let me pass. Let us have a rest. Let’s have a rest. (反意疑問)： Let’s have a walk along the river, shall we? Let us go out for a drink, will you? 21 倒裝句：so/neither的倒裝eg. He can swim. So can I. I didn’t go to class. Neither did I. 結構： so/neither+be+ 主語 so/neither+助動詞+ 主語 so/neither+情態動詞+ 主語 一般現在時, do, does/am, is, are 現在進行時, am, is, are 一般過去時, did 現在完成時, have, has 一般將來時, will, shall, 過去進行時，was, were 過去完成時，had 過去將來時, would 22 直接引語/間接引語 如果引語的主句所用動詞為過去時，那么間接引語要做相應變化：時態，人稱，時間地點及指示詞 5 時態變化： 一般現在時——一般過去時 現在進行時——過去進行時 一般過去時——過去完成時 現在完成時——過去完成時 一般將來時——過去將來時 be going to——was/were going to/would can----------------could may---------------might 7 時間地點及指示詞的變化： here-there, tomorrow-the next day, the following day, this-that… 8 人稱變化：根據句意改變人稱。 9 直接賓語/間接賓語 主語＋及物動詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語 直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象，間接賓語是及物動詞的動作所涉及的人或事務，也可以說間接賓語表示動作是對誰做的，或者是為誰做的。所以間接賓語要用名詞或者賓格代詞來擔當。 He gives me a book. me間接賓語, a book直接賓語 直接賓語和間接賓語的位置調換時要加一個介詞to或for 主語＋及物動詞＋直接賓語＋介詞+間接賓語 Give me a book. Give the book to me. Send his a letter. Send a letter to him. Show him the new dress. Show the new dress to him. 24 從句： 賓語從句，定語從句（限定性），表語從句，狀語從句（if引導的真實條件句） 13 賓語從句：如果賓語從句的主句中的動詞為過去時，那么賓語從句中的時態要和主句統一；如果賓語從句為疑問詞引導，那么語序要用陳述語序，即主語在前，動詞在后。 14 定語從句： 15 表語從句： 16 狀語從句（if引導的真實條件句）：主句用一般將來時，從句用一般現在時 What will you do if you win a lot of money? If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. 26 動詞不定式做賓語及賓語補語的用法(詳細用法請見NECII) 結構： to do, 用法：可以做除謂語以外的所有成分，語法上稱之為非謂語動詞。 做賓語：在一些動詞后常用不定式做賓語，例如：want, like, ask ,try… 做賓補：want sb. to do, ask sb. to do, like sb. to do… 附錄： 代詞及be動詞 名詞復數 動詞的第三人稱單數形式 動詞現在分詞 動詞過去式 過去式的讀音 形容詞的比較級 形容詞和副詞的最高級 代詞及be動詞 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱 ........ 單數 復數 單數 復數 單數 復數 主格 I we you you she/he/it they 賓格 me us you you her/him/it them 代詞所有格 my our your your her/his/its their 名詞性代詞 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs be動詞現在時 Am are are are is are be動詞過去時 was were were were was were 名詞的復數 規則變化的名詞復數形式 規則1 一般情況+s e.g. shell→shells toy→toys 規則2 以s, x, ch, sh結尾+es e.g. fox→foxes church→churches 規則3 以o結尾s或+es e.g. radio→radios potato→potatoes 規則4 以f, fe結尾的，變f, fe為ves e.g. life→lives half→halves 規則5 以輔音字母+y結尾, 變y為i+es e.g. sky→skies study→studies 動詞的第三人稱單數形式 規則1 一般情況+s e.g. like-likes, look--looks 規則2 以s, x, ch, sh結尾+es e.g. do-does, catch--catches 規則5 以輔音字母+y結尾, 變y為i+es e.g. carry-carries, fly--flies 動詞現在分詞 規則一 一般動詞加-ing e.g. look-looking, read-reading, play-playing 規則二 以不發音的字母結尾的單詞去e加-ing e.g. make-making, take-taking, arrive-arriving 規則三 重讀閉音節詞結尾， 即單詞中只有一個元音字母，其后緊跟一個輔音字母的詞，雙寫輔音字母再加-ing e. g. run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, stop--stopping 動詞過去式 規則動詞變化 規則一 一般動詞加-ed e.g. look-looked, watch-watched, play--played 規則二 以e結尾的加-d e.g. make-maked, arrive--arrived 規則三 以輔音字母加結尾的變y為i加-ed cry-cried, carry-carried 規則四 重讀閉音節詞結尾， 即單詞中只有一個元音字母，其后緊跟一個輔音字母的詞，雙寫輔音字母再加-ed stop-stopped, 過去式的讀音 在清輔音后面（除外）讀/t/ e.g. walked, jumped 在濁輔音和元音后讀/d/ e.g. washed, watched 在/t/，/d/后讀/id/ e.g. waited, hated 形容詞和副詞的比較級 比較級 規則一 一般加-er e.g. high-higher 規則二 以結尾加-r nice-nicer 規則三 以輔音字母加y結尾，變y為i再加-er busy-busier, 規則四 重讀閉音節結尾， 雙寫輔音字母再加-er fat-fatter, 形容詞和副詞的最高級 最高級 規則一 一般加-est e.g. high-highest 規則二 以結尾加-st nice-nicet 規則三 以輔音字母加y結尾，變y為i再加-est busy-busiest 規則四 重讀閉音節結尾， 雙寫輔音字母再加--est fat-fattest 常見縮寫： is=’s I am=I’m are=’re is not=isn’t/ iznt/ are not=aren’t /a:nt/ do not=don’t does not=doesn’t was=’s did not=didn’t can not=can’t have=’ve has=’s have not=haven’t has not=hasn’t will=’ll will not=won’t shall not=shan’t